The world is on a path to get 3.2 Fahrenheit, or 1.8 degrees Celsius, warmer than it is now, but could trim half a degree of that projected future heating if countries do everything they promise to fight climate change, a United Nations report said Thursday.
But it still won't be near enough to curb warming's worst impacts such as nastier heat waves, wildfires, storms and droughts, the report said.
Under every scenario but the "most optimistic" with the biggest cuts in fossil fuels burning, the chance of curbing warming so it stays within the internationally agreed-upon limit "would be virtually zero," the United Nations Environment Programme's annual Emissions Gap Report said. The goal, set in the 2015 Paris Agreement, is to limit human-caused warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) since pre-industrial times. The report said that since the mid-1800s, the world has already heated up by 2.3 degrees Fahrenheit, up from previous estimates of 1.1 or 1.2 degrees because it includes the record heat last year.
Instead, the world is on pace to hit 3.1 degrees Celsius (5.6 degrees Fahrenheit) since pre-industrial times. But if nations somehow do all of what they promised in targets they submitted to the United Nations that warming could be limited to 4.7 degrees Fahrenheit, the report said.
In that super-stringent cuts scenario where nations have zero net carbon emissions after mid-century, there's a 23% chance of keeping warming at or below the 1.5 degrees goal. It's far more likely that even that optimistic scenario will keep warming to 1.9 degrees above pre-industrial times, the report said.
"The main message is that action right now and right here before 2030 is critical if we want to lower the temperature," said report main editor Anne Olhoff, an economist and chief climate advisor to the UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre. "It is now or never really if we want to keep 1.5 alive."
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Without swift and dramatic emission cuts "on a scale and pace never seen before," UNEP Director Inger Andersen said "the 1.5 degree C goal will soon be dead and (the less stringent Paris goal of) well below 2 degrees C will take its place in the intensive care unit.
Olhoff said Earth's on a trajectory to slam the door on 1.5 sometime in 2029.
"Winning slowly is the same as losing when it comes to climate change," said author Neil Grant of Climate Analytics. "And so I think we are at risk of a lost decade."
One of the problems is that even though nations pledged climate action in their targets submitted as part of the Paris Agreement, there's a big gap between what they said they will do and what they are doing based on their existing policies, report authors said.
The world's 20 richest countries — which are responsible for 77% of the carbon pollution in the air — are falling short of their stated emission-cutting goals, with only 11 meeting their individual targets, the report said.
Emission cuts strong enough to limit warming to the 1.5-degree goal are more than technically and economically possible, the report found. They just aren't being proposed or done.
The report "shows that yet again governments are sleepwalking towards climate chaos," said climate scientist Bill Hare, CEO of Climate Analytics, who wasn't part of the report.
Another outside scientist, Johan Rockstrom, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, said the report confirms his worst concerns: "We are not making progress and are now following a 3.1-degree path, which is, with next to zero uncertainty, a path to disaster."
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Both the 3.1-degree and 2.6-degree calculations are a tenth of a degree Celsius warmer than last year's version of the UN report, which experts said is within the margin of uncertainty.
Mostly the problem is "there's one year less time to cut emissions and avoid climate catastrophe," said MIT's John Sterman, who models different warming scenarios based on emissions and country policies. "Catastrophe is a strong word and I don't use it lightly," he said, citing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's latest report saying 3 degrees of warming would trigger severe and irreversible damage.
The report focuses on what's called an emissions gap. It calculates a budget of how many billions of tons of greenhouse gases — mostly carbon dioxide and methane — the world can spew and stay under 1.5 degrees, 1.8 degrees and 2 degrees of warming since pre-industrial times. It then figures how much annual emissions have to be slashed by 2030 to keep at those levels.
To keep at or below 1.5 degrees, the world must slash emissions by 42%, and to keep at or below 2 degrees, the cut has to be 28%, the report, named, "No more hot air... please !" said.
In 2023, the world spewed 62.9 billion U.S. tons of greenhouse gases, the report said. That's 1,995 U.S. tons of heat-trapping gases a second.
"There is a direct link between increasing emissions and increasingly frequent and intense climate disasters," United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said in a video messaged released with the report. "We're playing with fire, but there can be no more playing for time. We're out of time."
